Arquivo para a ‘Física’ Categoria
Nobel Prize in Physics goes to …
04
Oct
The American-born German Rainer Weiss, Barry Barish and Kip S. Thorne, American
scientists at MIT’s Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory, who detected the gravitational waves predicted in Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity (1915), one hundred years then in an experiment in September 2015.
The observation that proves the existence of gravitational waves happened on September 14, 2015, when they detected the faint vibrations emitted by two black holes that revolve around each other, 1.3 billion light years from Earth.
The phenomenon explains how gravitation occurs, although this had already been seen in a particular way, as early as 1970 astronomers Joseph Taylor and Russell Hulse showed that the stars revolved around themselves and, as a result, they lost energy, so gravitational waves now exist experimentally.
For this discovery, Taylor and Hulse were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1993.
But the most important general change is the change in our conception of space-time, since these waves change the idea that these dimensions are absolute, source of all mechanisms and even philosophical idealism, where time and space are absolute.
Today during the day will be announced the Chemistry; in the fifth, Literature (5/10); and on Friday (6/10) of Peace, the Nobel Prize in Economics will only be announced on Monday (9/10
A constant and a possible Nobel of Physics
28
Aug
Constantino Tsallis (1943-), of the Santa Fe Institute is a Greek who is in Brazil, 
and is a candidate for the Nobel Prize in Physics this year, he also has brazilian and arngetine nationalities, as he likes to say: “he and the fans of Flamengo (big soccer club in Brazil) hope for this Nobel of Physics “.
He reworked Boltzmann’s constant to the point of making it more generic, more applicable, and about to change its name (or create a more general constant) called Tsallis.
The Boltzmann constant (k or kB) is the physical constant that relates temperature and energy to molecules, kMols as we have learned (or not) in physics classes.
The name is due to the Austrian physicist Ludwig Boltzmann (1844-1906), who made the most important contributions to statistical mechanics (even being considered its founder), in which its constant has a fundamental role. Its experimental value, in SI units, determined in 2002, is:
K = 1.3806503. 10 ^ -23 J / K
The simplest way to arrive at the Boltzmann constant is to divide the constant of the perfect gases by the constant of Avogadro.
But the contribution does not stop there, the most important concept that comes from physics is that of entropy, and together with Maxwell (although they have never worked together), they constituted what is called the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution to visualize the particle velocity distribution At different temperatures.
Constantine Tsallis, a Greek-American physicist who currently works in Brazil, in reviewing Boltzmann’s constant, he says only for the beauty of the equations,
Formulated in 1988 by Constantine Tsallis as a basis for generalizing standard statistical mechanics, it can be said almost to refound, it is a generalization of the Boltzmann-Gibbs Entropy, since Gibbs’s Particullah has recently been confirmed experimentally and is also a fundamental result For Standard Physics.
The physical relevance of Tsallis ‘theory is already widely debated in the world of physical literature, but it has been only in the past decade that researchers have shown that Tsallis’ mathematics more accurately describes power law behaviors in a wide range of phenomena, The turbulence of fluids to the fragments created in the collisions of high-energy particles.
Constantino Tsallis is a candidate for the Nobel of Physics and will attend the EBICC on EBICC da USP-SP-Brazil.
Consciousness and what is the origin of Life
25
Aug
We have already pointed out in previous posts the problem of historical 
consciousness in Dilthey’s romantic reading whose “ideal is to decode the Book of History” (Gadamer, 2006, p.11), and the question of consciousness pointed out by Gadamer himself as The “problem of introducing the hermeneutic problem from the perspective of Husserl and Heidegger” (ibid, p.10), and that in fact the author addresses his Lebensphilosophie (idem), the philosophy of life.
The problem of consciousness now seen as a metamathematics, or even as a problem of complexity, is not only a problem of a constant, of a predictable sequence, which may explain much, but not a Alpha and Omega, principio e finally, we would say almost simultaneously. Whatever the cosmogonies and eschatologies thought by human beings, they will all have something in common, we are aware of a beginning and an end, and so we can say that we are aware that “eschatological” consciousness exists.
The question in Christian culture that should echo about conscience, and indirectly of our existence since it is life, Jesus asks a sure question to his followers in the gospel of Mark: “Who do men say that I am?” They answered, “John Baptist; Others, Elijah; Others, still, one of the prophets. ” “And you” He asked, “who do you say that I am?” Asking about what kind of truth they encountered in walking with Him and seeing the facts and ideas He spread.
The fact that we have no definitive answer to the question of consciousness, I was already attentive to Gadamer is a problem of Lebensphilosophie, that is, what we think about life, and ultimately about the lives of Others, are not the Same, that is, the our Ego.
What ought to echo in our hearts is that we cannot say who we are or who we are and become aware of our own consciousness if we do not think of our Being as part of a diverse humanity where the Other is part of Being.
The equations and complexities that define life cannot nullify the life that flows into an earthly eschatology that is directed to a divine eternity, either in the Big Bang Theory (a beginning of time) or in String Theory (an abyss in time, see the figure), The physical explanation (something exists) or ontological (the Being exists), we are always aware of the necessity of consciousness, and it should guide us.
GADAMER, H.G. O problema da consciência histórica, 3ª. Edição. Rio de Janeiro: FGV, 2006, Brazil.
The problem of consciousness and algorithms
24
Aug
Mathematician and computer scientist Gregory Chaitin, who is Argentinean American and is at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, formulated still young from the complexity of Kolmogorov, contributions to the formulation of an algorithmic and meta-mathematical information theory, which was Developed from the formulation of Gödel’s incompleteness theorem, already quoted here in previous posts and its relation with the Turing Machine and Alonzo Church, which gave rise to modern digital computing.
Chaitin defined a constant that bears his name and uses the symbol Ω, a real number whose digits are equidistributed, and which is sometimes informally described as an expression of the probability that a random program will be interrupted.
The constant Ω has the mathematical property of being decidable but computable we can say separates Hilbert-Gödel’s problem from the Turing / Church problem, but more than that, it gives a key to solve problems in the field of biology (obtaining A formal definition of “life,” origin and evolution) and neuroscience (the problem of consciousness and the study of the mind).
In epistemology, Chaitin proposed that both in mathematical logic and in algorithmic theory, “mathematical facts that are true for whatever reason, they are true by accident.these are random mathematical facts.” Chaitin proposes that mathematicians should abandon any hope of proving these mathematical facts and adopting a semi-empirical methodology.
In this sense it creates a metaphysics of mathematics, or a metamathematics one, capable of elaborating algorithms that propose a logic of life and even of the conscience, from there are possible the studies of biology and the mind by formulations of this metamathemamatics one.
Gregory Chaitin will be at USP at the EBICC event in early November this year addressing the issue of awareness from his perspective.
Substance of the universe: the Sacred Corpus
15
Jun
Contrary to what is supposed, substance is that which is permanent in things that
change, and therefore the foundation of every accident, and everything is changing in the universe then what is the primordial substance, what is the genesis of the whole universe?
Interpretations can be divided into three streams: there are those who recognize only one substance (monist) stand out Spinoza and Leibniz, those who recognize two substances (dualists) that is the foundation of modern idealism, or the most common are the pluralists, The “pure” currents that come from Platonism and Aristotelianism.
All that exists is to be monistic and pluralistic, then the being is constituted of a plurality of elements that ground it as substances, but for these they can be hierarchized ontologically, for monists there is only a hierarchy that is the initial monad in the interpretation of Spinoza and Leibniz is God, in the conception of modern science, a corpuscle of electromagnetic concentration where the Big Bang occurred.
There are those who contest the Big Bang, Oxford philosopher Nick Bostrom said, “The probability of us living within a simulation is close to 100%,” something like the Matrix, but to deny the substantiality of the universe is to deny apodic evidence That is accepted without demonstration).
The philosopher Franz Brentano has regained a category of scholasticism called intentionality, to define what is consciousness as that which is directed to something, his student Edmund Husserl used it to define consciousness as something intentional.
If we think so, but important that the universe exists, and it has its substantiality (its corpus), is that something or someone had intentionality of this first object, that is, created it in a “conscious” way and call it what it wants, He is a Being because he exists.
If we admit its materiality, even light can be observed in its influence on a gravitational body (see our post on NASA’s observation), even the existences of man can be demonstrated in its evolution now we know of over 300 thousand years, we must Admit substantiality, and consider the idea of the initial monad as plausible, then there is a “body” formed of this original, conscious Being.
Teilhard Chardin, a paleontologist and Jesuit priest, considered the entire universe the Body of Christ, more than a mystical body, a substantial cosmic body, if anything is made of this universe, it is stored in its source and initial primary consciousness;
The apodic evidence we need to admit of a Divine Corpus, alpha and omega, beginning and end, may need little to be admitted, but in the absence of this, there remains what we call faith, never blind, nor contrary to reason,
Observed the General Relativity in space
13
Jun
In a rare phenomenon observed in telescopes, scientists at the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, Maryland, observed the position of a distant star to rotate slightly, while its light tilted around a white dwarf in the line of sight of observers on Earth, phenomena Caused by the General Theory of Relativity, and it is published in Nature.
Using the Hubble Space Telescope, he observed the light folding due to the gravity of a nearby white dwarf star, led by Kailash Sahu, an astronomer at the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, who saw its light tilting around a white dwarf, Amount of distortion it was possible for the researchers to directly calculate the mass of the white dwarf which is 67% that of the Sun.
Sahu’s team studied a white dwarf known as Stein 2051 B in the constellation Camelopardalis, it is 17 light-years from Earth, being the 6th. White dwarf closest to the earth
In eight observations between October 2013 and October 2015, the background star seemed to shift back and forth slightly, it is equivalent to a person in London watching an ant crawl across a coin in Moscow, but it was enough to confirm that the gravity of Stein 2051 B was bending the light of the background star.
In 1919, British astronomer Arthur Eddington and his team watched light bending around the Sun during a total solar eclipse, confirming Einstein’s theory. Researchers have since seen light from distant galaxies bending around the gravity of intervening galaxies, but the new work is the first time anyone has observed a single object — the white dwarf — seemingly cause a background star to shift.
Sahu’s team has already started another project to look for this phenomenon using Proxima Centauri, which at 1.3 parsecs (4 light-years) away is the nearest star to Earth. It is passing a background star now, and the team has obtained a couple of observations with Hubble, Sahu says.
Crisis, thins and nothingness
07
Jun
The crisis, the things and the nothing now separate with the things, and asks the 
essential question: between the things exists the nothingness?
Should not someone who had been unaware of it make the false ask not to ask about Being rather than about things and nothingness? Yes our philosopher will clarify this, but modernity poses the question of the relation between things and in it arises the dualism of separation between things.
Mário Ferreira explains that “Scholastics like Thomas Aquinas who follow the Aristotelian line affirm that time and space are entities of reason (entia rationis), but founded on things grounded in re [thing], for there are things between distances And to succeed, which allow us to generalize the schemas of experience, until we form the abstract concepts of time and space, which modern rationalism has totally separated from facts, emptying them from them, which are given in them “(page 32)
He clarified that space and time will be fundamental concepts for modern thought: “but emptied of all factual content, are conceptual entities whose content implies the stripping away of everything that happens factually …” (idem). In order to analyze these schemes Mario Ferreira uses psychogenesis, because he will say that the fact that the schemas are constructed, by experience, a posteriori will refer in the Kantian schema according to its psychogenesis, the existence of a priori positivity, “which is undeniably a positivity of the Kantian thought. “(Idem) Then he will ask the essential question about nothingness: “if things take place in space and they separate, as the limit reveals it, space is interposed between them. But what space? ” Here it separates according to the model of Democritus in there is an emptiness between the things and the one of Lorentz, a full space. Also at the beginning of modernity Leibniz proposed the monadology.
We are, therefore, between two affirmations (page 33), one affirming the presence of nothingness, of an absolute absent, and another affirming the presence of being, in which there are no interstices or frontiers, because it fills everything, and this psychogenesis creates ” A scheme of relationship of things, without being given a real presence, per se. “(Idem).
So this is tension, not dualism, between nothingness and being, or if we prefer the separation between things and the relation between them, the former is rationalist and “it is a worsening of the crisis.”
Discovering the relation between the finite that “finitude can only be given where there is something, because it allows to measure. Nothing is immeasurable, nothingness would be an abyss without end. “(Page 34)
In a footnote, he clarifies: The impossibility of an absolute nothingness, between islands of being, is demonstrated by us apoditically (by evidence), in Concrete Philosophy.
The important point of this argument is that through it one can affirm “the eternal presence of being, in which we are immersed and that sustains us, which allows us to communicate …” (page 35) and then the crisis is not so Deep, it has degrees, says our brazilian philosopher.
SANTOS, Mario Ferreira dos. Filosofia da crise, São Paulo: É realizações, 2017.
The will to Power
25
May
Power is the logic for many peoples, happiness no. 
Power Will or Power (“Der Wille zur Macht”) is a concept of Nietzsche’s philosophy that is used as the basis in the construction of all his thought, for he is in everything in life, not only in organic life, Ranging from chemical reactions to the human psyche.
Teilhard Chardin gave another name that was the idea of vitalization, that is to say, the life more and more complex, and the man is the maximum of the complexification of the life, occurs by a process of cerebralización, and that means that we are in “evolution”, but not necessarily in power.
Thomas Aquinas, spoke of act and power and potency and what “virtually” is contained in the act, for example, we planted a seed and it is virtually a tree. Our contemporary problem, reflected in every Western civilization in particular, but on the whole planet, is whether our present process of empowerment in the sense of development is corresponding to a general happiness, that is, are we happy?
Certainly all humanity would say no, one of the contemporary diseases was stress, it became the panic syndrome, and depression gives signs of growth as frightening as other physical illnesses such as cancer and AIDS.
But Nietszche’s hypothesis contrasts with modern quantum physics, since his first assumption is that the total force that exists in the universe is determined, not infinite, while astrophysics is confronted with an expanding universe with forces not yet measured due to black holes.
But from Nietzsche’s theory it is reduced that the number of situations, and the combinations of these forces are measurable, that is, also determinate and finite, as is supposed in the Laplacian universe, and it is not the same universe as Einstein and Heisenberg.
In Nietzsche’s terminology the Will to Power is an original law, without exception or transgression.
Thus in the philosopher’s words the Will to Power is not something created, or depends on special conditions, as in religion or previous theories, but it comes from the very reality of things, so it is necessary, as presupposes Husserl’s phenomenology to Things themselves, to determine what they really.
NIETZSCHE, Friedrich. The will to power. Tradutor to Walter Kaufmann e R. I. Hollingdale. Nova York: Vintage Books. , 1968.
What did you have before the big bang?
08
Feb
Wow, did anyone decide to answer this? And other questions, “why are we here?”,
“When the universe began?” And “how?”, But the question that most troubles us no doubt is “what happened before the big bang?” God’s idea then is plausible.
If you read this be clear that I will not answer, my answer already exists and it’s religious: God, but I read in Gizmodo that Sean Carroll of the California Institute of Technology. Carroll gave a lecture last month at a biannual meeting of the American Astronomical Society in the town of Grapevine, Texas, where he talked about possible pre-Big Bang theories that could give rise to a universe similar to ours.
Of course this is just a speculation and not even a theory, because Carrol stated that “To date, these are not established laws of physics that we do not understand or check at all,” another physicist who was with him Peter Woit Went further, “we do not understand what is happening in this case, … we really are in the dark.”
But there are things that we can say, for example, to that of entropy, the more the universe expands the more it goes into disorder, in fact it has a “disorder” of very low nature, that is to say, it happens very slowly, For example, a bomb near a pile of sand that exploded and scattered all the sand, but soon afterwards the “universe” would rearrange these sands again apparently with no help and no apparent reason to do so.
A student of PhD, Stefan Countryman, a student of Columbia, explained to the site that the Big Bang could have released a large mass of entropy, but unlike galaxies and clusters of galaxies, they all seem to be organized with huge voids Of black spaces (mass and dark energy) between them, then we have order.
This then means that the Universe that is little messed up, before the Big Bang could be even more tidy, we could say a “perfect order,” my interpretation, which physicists say is like this: “There are a lot of people who think the beginning of Universe was simple, calm and without much thing, with small undulations, and that this is the natural place for the beginning of the universe “, but it is not, what would be probable, would be a very branched” multiverse “, that is, Branched and unconnected bodies, but at the same time “connected”.
This well-accepted but incomplete theory is called the “Big Bounce,” or an “inflation” theory, an image made up of infant universes (those arising from inflation) coming out of the parent universe as shown above, with copyright Jason Torchinsky, author of the figure above.
