Arquivo para a ‘Física’ Categoria
The constant of Tsallis, a Brazilian-greek
25
Oct
The expansion of the universe, speculation from the idea of gas expansion,
which gave rise to the Big Bang Theory is now one of the most accepted theories about the creation of the universe.
There is a consequence that has been made from the so-called extensive statistical mechanics, which was published in a recent work by Constantin Tsallis in Springer: Introduction to nonextensive statistical mechanics: approaching a complex world, which generalizes the Boltzmann-Gibbs theory still more fundamental than entropy because it includes current results.
The generalization of Entropy that was reformulated in 1998 by Tsallis is a result of relevance to physics and has often been debated by world physics theory, it more accurately describes the power law behaviors of a wide range of phenomena such as such as the turbulence of fluids to fragments in high energy particle collisions.
Applications range from fluid mechanics to detection and breast cancer to the creation of new materials.
Those interested in details can read Tsallis´ Statistics, Statistical Mechanics for Non-Extensive Systems and Long-Range Interactions, Constantino Tsallis will be at the EBICC starting next week at USP – SP – Brazil.
Constantino Tsallis was born in Greece, grew up in Argentine and also has Brazilian nacionality, it will be a great pride if they recognize the importance of his work for physics.
And quantum computing
23
Oct
While digital computing works with 0 and 1, quantum computing 
can use a concept of 0 and 1 simultaneously, an effect known by physicists as “interlacing” and when it was enunciated was called “ghosting” by Einstein, Podoslki and Rosen. known by the acronym EPR.
This phenomenon allows the processing of several simultaneous operations, the qbits (quantum bits) may use the following principles of photon processing:
– light particles, light has properties of particles,
– ions trapped or ion trap, area known with spintronics,
– superconducting qubits, processing the speed of light practically, and,
– nitrogen vacancy center, a phenomenon already observed in imperfect diamonds.
Quantum computers will create new applications, such as modeling variations of chemical reactions to discover new drugs, developing new imaging technologies (holograms applied to communication, and developments in batteries and new materials and flexible electronics).
But the most revolutionary application will be the quantum internet, totally using light particles (photons), there is also a proposal that uses light interacting with matter, the future awaits us.
The projects are still under development, but already with many results.
The future of thinking machines
05
Oct
We made a point of making the classifications (post) between cyborgues, 
androids and humanoids, showing that the hybrids are still a fiction for some and a delirium for others, as our view is the point of singularity of Raymond Kurzweil.
Points of singularity m (it is good to say technological, since there are others) would be that point where there would be a surpassing of biological human to a post-human technological, of silicon or even something more futuristic, photonic or neo-biological (biological chips, for example ).
Raymond Kurzweil’s definitions are clearer and more precise, he wrote in 1987 The Age of Intelligent Machines and then in an even greater delirium an update to The Age of Spiritual Machines where he seeks to find where the so-called Transcedent Man (documentary 2009), and then we can outline his ideas.
You can delineate your ideas in 4 points: technological evolution up to its definition of singularity is one of the tangible objectives of humanity (will be?) By exponential progression, the functionality of the human brain is quantifiable in terms of technology and can be built in a near future (but only functional); average advances can keep a significant amount of their generation alive enough for the increase in technology to pass human brain processing (one thing does not imply the other, could be done with future generations), and a point that is socially interesting that the theory of accelerated evolutions.
This theory says that the theory of accelerated change refers to the increase in the rate of technological innovation (and sometimes it may be accompanied by social and cultural evolution) and is always present in history, which may suggest faster and deeper change in future, although this is true how much accelerated depends on the historical perspective.
We define this evolution as the noosphere, a sphere of mind or spirit, based on the idea of John Searle, that the mental “real and ontologically irreducible” to the physical, and that technologies evolve and accelerate human growth but are separated by what Juergen Schmidhuber calls “uniqueness of the omega”, something at once similar and different from the omega of Gregory Chaitin, because it is not a number or a number, but what Teilhar Chadin (1916) defines in his noosphere as the beginning and end of the human , but wrapped in a connection of minds and spirits as if they were communicating vessels.
For Juergen Schmidhuber, the next Omega – 2040 (there was no film Blade Runner 2049) from his series Omega – 2 ^n human lives (n <10; human lives (n <10; a life – 80 years) about major stages of events would occur in human history.
He questioned the validity of such changes by suggesting that they merely reflect a general rule for “both the individual memory of the single human being and the collective memory of whole societies and their history books: constant amounts of memory space allocated to get exponentially greater, adjacent time slots more and more into the past, “and it is memory and not Moore’s law that speaks of the growth of digital memories.
His suggestion is that “the reason why there has never been a shortage of prophets predicting that the end is near – important events according to their own vision of the past always seem to accelerate exponentially,” so both ancient and modern prophecies are no longer that oracles that establish this reconnection between the “omega” of the beginning and end, announcing great changes and at the same time connected to them.
There is a very clear example of Jürgen Schmidhuber’s acceleration, given in Wurman’s book, “Information Anxiety” (1991), where he says that a person who read the New York Times for a year read more than the best of the men of the eighteenth and earlier centuries, then of course there is more reading today than in previous centuries, but thinking … need evolution.
Nobel Prize in Physics goes to …
04
Oct
The American-born German Rainer Weiss, Barry Barish and Kip S. Thorne, American
scientists at MIT’s Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory, who detected the gravitational waves predicted in Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity (1915), one hundred years then in an experiment in September 2015.
The observation that proves the existence of gravitational waves happened on September 14, 2015, when they detected the faint vibrations emitted by two black holes that revolve around each other, 1.3 billion light years from Earth.
The phenomenon explains how gravitation occurs, although this had already been seen in a particular way, as early as 1970 astronomers Joseph Taylor and Russell Hulse showed that the stars revolved around themselves and, as a result, they lost energy, so gravitational waves now exist experimentally.
For this discovery, Taylor and Hulse were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1993.
But the most important general change is the change in our conception of space-time, since these waves change the idea that these dimensions are absolute, source of all mechanisms and even philosophical idealism, where time and space are absolute.
Today during the day will be announced the Chemistry; in the fifth, Literature (5/10); and on Friday (6/10) of Peace, the Nobel Prize in Economics will only be announced on Monday (9/10
A constant and a possible Nobel of Physics
28
Aug
Constantino Tsallis (1943-), of the Santa Fe Institute is a Greek who is in Brazil, 
and is a candidate for the Nobel Prize in Physics this year, he also has brazilian and arngetine nationalities, as he likes to say: “he and the fans of Flamengo (big soccer club in Brazil) hope for this Nobel of Physics “.
He reworked Boltzmann’s constant to the point of making it more generic, more applicable, and about to change its name (or create a more general constant) called Tsallis.
The Boltzmann constant (k or kB) is the physical constant that relates temperature and energy to molecules, kMols as we have learned (or not) in physics classes.
The name is due to the Austrian physicist Ludwig Boltzmann (1844-1906), who made the most important contributions to statistical mechanics (even being considered its founder), in which its constant has a fundamental role. Its experimental value, in SI units, determined in 2002, is:
K = 1.3806503. 10 ^ -23 J / K
The simplest way to arrive at the Boltzmann constant is to divide the constant of the perfect gases by the constant of Avogadro.
But the contribution does not stop there, the most important concept that comes from physics is that of entropy, and together with Maxwell (although they have never worked together), they constituted what is called the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution to visualize the particle velocity distribution At different temperatures.
Constantine Tsallis, a Greek-American physicist who currently works in Brazil, in reviewing Boltzmann’s constant, he says only for the beauty of the equations,
Formulated in 1988 by Constantine Tsallis as a basis for generalizing standard statistical mechanics, it can be said almost to refound, it is a generalization of the Boltzmann-Gibbs Entropy, since Gibbs’s Particullah has recently been confirmed experimentally and is also a fundamental result For Standard Physics.
The physical relevance of Tsallis ‘theory is already widely debated in the world of physical literature, but it has been only in the past decade that researchers have shown that Tsallis’ mathematics more accurately describes power law behaviors in a wide range of phenomena, The turbulence of fluids to the fragments created in the collisions of high-energy particles.
Constantino Tsallis is a candidate for the Nobel of Physics and will attend the EBICC on EBICC da USP-SP-Brazil.
Consciousness and what is the origin of Life
25
Aug
We have already pointed out in previous posts the problem of historical 
consciousness in Dilthey’s romantic reading whose “ideal is to decode the Book of History” (Gadamer, 2006, p.11), and the question of consciousness pointed out by Gadamer himself as The “problem of introducing the hermeneutic problem from the perspective of Husserl and Heidegger” (ibid, p.10), and that in fact the author addresses his Lebensphilosophie (idem), the philosophy of life.
The problem of consciousness now seen as a metamathematics, or even as a problem of complexity, is not only a problem of a constant, of a predictable sequence, which may explain much, but not a Alpha and Omega, principio e finally, we would say almost simultaneously. Whatever the cosmogonies and eschatologies thought by human beings, they will all have something in common, we are aware of a beginning and an end, and so we can say that we are aware that “eschatological” consciousness exists.
The question in Christian culture that should echo about conscience, and indirectly of our existence since it is life, Jesus asks a sure question to his followers in the gospel of Mark: “Who do men say that I am?” They answered, “John Baptist; Others, Elijah; Others, still, one of the prophets. ” “And you” He asked, “who do you say that I am?” Asking about what kind of truth they encountered in walking with Him and seeing the facts and ideas He spread.
The fact that we have no definitive answer to the question of consciousness, I was already attentive to Gadamer is a problem of Lebensphilosophie, that is, what we think about life, and ultimately about the lives of Others, are not the Same, that is, the our Ego.
What ought to echo in our hearts is that we cannot say who we are or who we are and become aware of our own consciousness if we do not think of our Being as part of a diverse humanity where the Other is part of Being.
The equations and complexities that define life cannot nullify the life that flows into an earthly eschatology that is directed to a divine eternity, either in the Big Bang Theory (a beginning of time) or in String Theory (an abyss in time, see the figure), The physical explanation (something exists) or ontological (the Being exists), we are always aware of the necessity of consciousness, and it should guide us.
GADAMER, H.G. O problema da consciência histórica, 3ª. Edição. Rio de Janeiro: FGV, 2006, Brazil.
The problem of consciousness and algorithms
24
Aug
Mathematician and computer scientist Gregory Chaitin, who is Argentinean American and is at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, formulated still young from the complexity of Kolmogorov, contributions to the formulation of an algorithmic and meta-mathematical information theory, which was Developed from the formulation of Gödel’s incompleteness theorem, already quoted here in previous posts and its relation with the Turing Machine and Alonzo Church, which gave rise to modern digital computing.
Chaitin defined a constant that bears his name and uses the symbol Ω, a real number whose digits are equidistributed, and which is sometimes informally described as an expression of the probability that a random program will be interrupted.
The constant Ω has the mathematical property of being decidable but computable we can say separates Hilbert-Gödel’s problem from the Turing / Church problem, but more than that, it gives a key to solve problems in the field of biology (obtaining A formal definition of “life,” origin and evolution) and neuroscience (the problem of consciousness and the study of the mind).
In epistemology, Chaitin proposed that both in mathematical logic and in algorithmic theory, “mathematical facts that are true for whatever reason, they are true by accident.these are random mathematical facts.” Chaitin proposes that mathematicians should abandon any hope of proving these mathematical facts and adopting a semi-empirical methodology.
In this sense it creates a metaphysics of mathematics, or a metamathematics one, capable of elaborating algorithms that propose a logic of life and even of the conscience, from there are possible the studies of biology and the mind by formulations of this metamathemamatics one.
Gregory Chaitin will be at USP at the EBICC event in early November this year addressing the issue of awareness from his perspective.
Substance of the universe: the Sacred Corpus
15
Jun
Contrary to what is supposed, substance is that which is permanent in things that
change, and therefore the foundation of every accident, and everything is changing in the universe then what is the primordial substance, what is the genesis of the whole universe?
Interpretations can be divided into three streams: there are those who recognize only one substance (monist) stand out Spinoza and Leibniz, those who recognize two substances (dualists) that is the foundation of modern idealism, or the most common are the pluralists, The “pure” currents that come from Platonism and Aristotelianism.
All that exists is to be monistic and pluralistic, then the being is constituted of a plurality of elements that ground it as substances, but for these they can be hierarchized ontologically, for monists there is only a hierarchy that is the initial monad in the interpretation of Spinoza and Leibniz is God, in the conception of modern science, a corpuscle of electromagnetic concentration where the Big Bang occurred.
There are those who contest the Big Bang, Oxford philosopher Nick Bostrom said, “The probability of us living within a simulation is close to 100%,” something like the Matrix, but to deny the substantiality of the universe is to deny apodic evidence That is accepted without demonstration).
The philosopher Franz Brentano has regained a category of scholasticism called intentionality, to define what is consciousness as that which is directed to something, his student Edmund Husserl used it to define consciousness as something intentional.
If we think so, but important that the universe exists, and it has its substantiality (its corpus), is that something or someone had intentionality of this first object, that is, created it in a “conscious” way and call it what it wants, He is a Being because he exists.
If we admit its materiality, even light can be observed in its influence on a gravitational body (see our post on NASA’s observation), even the existences of man can be demonstrated in its evolution now we know of over 300 thousand years, we must Admit substantiality, and consider the idea of the initial monad as plausible, then there is a “body” formed of this original, conscious Being.
Teilhard Chardin, a paleontologist and Jesuit priest, considered the entire universe the Body of Christ, more than a mystical body, a substantial cosmic body, if anything is made of this universe, it is stored in its source and initial primary consciousness;
The apodic evidence we need to admit of a Divine Corpus, alpha and omega, beginning and end, may need little to be admitted, but in the absence of this, there remains what we call faith, never blind, nor contrary to reason,
Observed the General Relativity in space
13
Jun
In a rare phenomenon observed in telescopes, scientists at the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, Maryland, observed the position of a distant star to rotate slightly, while its light tilted around a white dwarf in the line of sight of observers on Earth, phenomena Caused by the General Theory of Relativity, and it is published in Nature.
Using the Hubble Space Telescope, he observed the light folding due to the gravity of a nearby white dwarf star, led by Kailash Sahu, an astronomer at the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, who saw its light tilting around a white dwarf, Amount of distortion it was possible for the researchers to directly calculate the mass of the white dwarf which is 67% that of the Sun.
Sahu’s team studied a white dwarf known as Stein 2051 B in the constellation Camelopardalis, it is 17 light-years from Earth, being the 6th. White dwarf closest to the earth
In eight observations between October 2013 and October 2015, the background star seemed to shift back and forth slightly, it is equivalent to a person in London watching an ant crawl across a coin in Moscow, but it was enough to confirm that the gravity of Stein 2051 B was bending the light of the background star.
In 1919, British astronomer Arthur Eddington and his team watched light bending around the Sun during a total solar eclipse, confirming Einstein’s theory. Researchers have since seen light from distant galaxies bending around the gravity of intervening galaxies, but the new work is the first time anyone has observed a single object — the white dwarf — seemingly cause a background star to shift.
Sahu’s team has already started another project to look for this phenomenon using Proxima Centauri, which at 1.3 parsecs (4 light-years) away is the nearest star to Earth. It is passing a background star now, and the team has obtained a couple of observations with Hubble, Sahu says.
