Arquivo para a ‘Linguagens’ Categoria
The clearing to get to the truth
11
Jan
We mentioned in a post this week that the term find light is 
commonplace in philosophy, but what are the main differences between Heidegger’s glade, and go to light in Plato’s Myth of the Cave, or the Idea according to Immanuel Kant’s thinking?
One can read in Heidegger about Plato, one of the pillars of Western thought about truth:
“Truth is no more, as non-veiling, the fundamental trait of being itself; but becomes exact by reason of its enslavement to the Idea, it is henceforth the distinctive feature of the knowledge of the being. Since then there is an effort for “truth” in the sense of the accuracy of the look and its direction. Since then, all the fundamental positions taken regarding the being, the obtaining of a correct look for the Idea become decisive. ” (HEIDEGGER, Plato’s doctrine on truth, s / n, p.10).
Long before any of the digital apparatuses, Heidegger had already stated that the eagerness in the modern impetus to make the object available is what “destroys every vision than the disincentive makes itself happen, and thus in principle endangers any relationship with the essence of truth “(Heidegger, 2007).
The clearest and most responsible critique of Kant in Heidegger (criticism of idealism is often lost in objectivism or subjectivism), it is the critique of Transcendental Idealism that we are between the phenomenon and what is grasped by the human faculties as a thing-in- which in essence would be unattainable by reason, hence the separation between objects and subjects in the “Idea.”
Heidegger develops in Being and Time a separation between the concepts of “appearance” (Erscheinung) and phenomenon, where the former is not shown and the second is the self-showing itself of this something, no doubt coming from his master Edmund Husserl.
This is a fundamental passage in Heidegger’s thought, where Dasein is seen as the contact with the surrounding entities giving meaning to the ontic plane of existence, thus: “Phenomenology is the way of access and the mode of verification for to determine what should be the theme of the ontology.
Ontology is only possible as phenomenology. “(Heidegger, 2008, p.75)
Phenomenology is fundamental to the ontology and the ontology is the opening of the clearing.
Heidegger, M. Plato’s Doctrine on Truth. Translation: Antônio Jardim. s / n.
Martin Heidegger, M. (2007) The Technical Question. Translation to Portuguese: by Marco Aurélio Werle. São Paulo: Scientia Studia, 2007 (The question concerning technology. New York: Harper, 1977).
Heidegger, Martin (2008). Being and Time. New York: Harper Perennial.
Heidegger and the Glade
08
Jan
The term is recurrent in philosophy, Plato spoke of leaving the cave to the light,
in modernity appeared the Enlightenment, and more recently Heidegger spoke of the clearing (or Glade), meaning an opening in the middle of the forest, therefore, the question of the lack of light and dark night it is not new.
But by studying the etymology of the Clearing, removing it from Heidegger’s philosophy, it comes from the German word Lichtung, where in addition to the meaning of a clearing in the forest (he himself lived a few years in the black forest of Germany), while Licht is the word for light , will mean hidden things, or entities whose truth must come to the surface, so some translators use unveiling.
The clearing is in this context what is hidden within a whole, where the being must emerge, and this seems more appropriate to modernity, since the fragmentation where only the part emerges is most often opposed to the whole to which the being belongs, thus the question of Being.
Thus the truth, for the present day, exists in the opening of the part to the whole, and the total closure of the part to the whole is sensed, not only as context, but as an integral part of Being, and to which openness is necessary to arrive the truth, not the affirmation concerning the object, but the primordial notion of the truth which is the discovery of the being in itself.
The entity that is discovered, stated Heidegger himself: “let it be seen in his being and being discovered. The truth-being (truth) of the statement must be understood in the sense of being a discoverer “(Heidegger, 1986, 219).
First we see this ontological truth as Being, and no longer as logic, as we see this relation between knowing the object and the relation to Being itself, which in modern philosophy could be called subjectivity, but it is not because they are not separate instances.
What is theorized here, in accordance with the anthropophysical theory in extension to sociotechnical, is that instead of treating the difference between thinking man as being that has “objects” in the sense of being possessed as the capacity to speak, and to construct “external” objects, the ontological conception that man thinks of as “being” through objects (the language and the production of his own life and the means necessary for it) allows us to understand all means not only as a vehicle for transmission of information, but as the mode in which human existence itself manifests itself, we call it onto-anthropothecnical.
In the photo, Andrew Kessel’s article for the magazine SingularityHub, experiments on real-life re-creation of computers by computers in 3D printers.
HEIDEGGER, M. Sein und Zeit. 17 ed. Tübingen, Niemeyer, 1986
My darks of the 2018 Oscar
29
Dec
Mudbound, Tears on the Mississippi is one of my favorites, of course 
not yet released in Brazil (scheduled for February 22), but the theme attracts me and perhaps also get ahead by addressing the unprecedented theme of racism and feminism during 2nd World War, has in the cast: Garrett Hedlund, Jason Mitchell and Carey Mulligan.
Annihilation is a film in the line of Ex-Machina, which impressed critics a lot (it only will be won special effects), now after the great success of Ex-Machina: Artificial Instinct (Oscar winner for best special effects), director Alex Garland prepares another science fiction, about a biologist participating in an experience in which the laws of nature do not exist, in the cast are Natalie Portman in the lead role, alongside Oscar Isaac, Tessa Thompson, Gina Rodriguez and Jennifer Jason Leigh.
One of the good old films forgotten last year was The Lobster from the Greek Yorgos Lanthimos, perhaps being one of the writers and directors of the most creative contemporary filmmakers, now with a family drama may have some chance, with a partnership with Colin Farrell in this new mix of drama and suspense, about a surgeon and his wife (Nicole Kidman), transforming the life of a troubled family, the Sacrifice of the Sacred Deer is scheduled to launch in Brazil on February 8.
A film that may surprise, is The King of the Show, by unknown director Michael Gracey, a digital effects expert, but the film is about a circus that charmed the US Barnum & Bailey, just the story of PT Barnum with good actors Rebecca Ferguson, Michelle Williams, with the special effects and the visual of the time is a good promise.
He was expecting something for Blade Runner 2049 (from director Ridley Scott), Harrison Ford repeating the role 35 years later, K (Ryan Goslind) and Joi (Ana de Armas) (photo), but the cult movie plus and box office less, has few chances, perhaps a tribute to the whole of the work for Harrison Ford, I continue to cheer, is an epic of fictions.
I am out of the Glamour of the best actors and actresses, directors and co-stars since the “white” Oscar of 2016, I consider the indications more politically correct and not artistically correct.
One of the good old films forgotten last year was The Lobster from the Greek Yorgos Lanthimos, perhaps being one of the writers and directors of the most creative contemporary filmmakers, now with a family drama may have some chance, with a partnership with Colin Farrell in this new mix of drama and suspense, about a surgeon and his wife (Nicole Kidman), transforming the life of a troubled family, the Sacrifice of the Sacred Deer is scheduled to launch in Brazil on February 8.
A film that may surprise, is The King of the Show, by unknown director Michael Gracey, a digital effects expert, but the film is about a circus that charmed the US Barnum & Bailey, just the story of PT Barnum with good actors Rebecca Ferguson, Michelle Williams, with the special effects and the visual of the time is a good promise.
He was expecting something for Blade Runner 2049 (from director Ridley Scott), Harrison Ford repeating the role 35 years later, K (Ryan Goslind) and Joi (Ana de Armas) (photo), but the cult movie plus and box office less, has few chances, perhaps a tribute to the whole of the work for Harrison Ford, I continue to cheer, is an epic of fictions.
I am out of the Glamour of the best actors and actresses, directors and co-stars since the “white” Oscar of 2016, I consider the indications more politically correct and not artistically correct.
Encontrar veredas e aplainar caminhos
15
Dec
The Isaiah was called a prophet of consolation because he encouraged the
Hebrew people to say that a new path would be opened, and it was before John the Baptist that more explained the “advent” of the birth of Jesus and even the last prophet that was John Batista.
In saying, “Prepare the way of the Lord, flatten his paths” (Lk 3: 4) has a little difference from the gospel of John: ‘I am the voice that cries in the wilderness,’ flatten the way of the Lord ‘- as I said or prophet Isaiah. (Jn 1:23), because paths, which are “hidden” paths or in philosophy say that they must be “unveiled”, although in fact, already exist signs are not really easy to be found, then paths.
John the Baptist in announcing the public life of Jesus, as they both passed through the wilderness, Jesus also walked 40 days through the wilderness, encountered difficulties, the most cruel temptations, but then went public, knowing that he would have to speak truths and be of fact a new “advent”.
The Christian mystic Chiara Lubich, in one of her words of life (I wrote them monthly), wrote in December 1982: “Each of us is called to prepare the way for Jesus who wants to enter our life. It is necessary, then, to flatten the paths of our existence so that it may come to dwell in us … eliminating all obstacles: those placed by our limited way of living, by our weak will. ”
Finding paths requires a careful look, at first they seem shortcuts, sometimes difficult and not very promising, but lead us to the new, to the “advent”, what is to come is always new and can bring us true peace, that which is not which may seem distant, is usually there on a sidewalk.
Path of salvation and the advent
12
Dec
The book written by brazilian writer Jorge de Andrade between the years 
1957 and 1963 was taken to the cinema in 1965 in an adaptation of the text for the theater of Jorge de Andrade, tells the story of the oppression in the field, and as it has a mystical exit, a montage made in 1964 under the direction of Antunes Filho was questioned by both the right and the left parties and at the time it was a failure, an assembly later in 2003 led by professor-director Marcelo Bones, with graduates of the Palace of the Arts (Palácio das Artes), all beginners.
The film directed by Anselmo Duarte (photo) tells of poor rural producers in the Northeast who join a messianic group led by Joaquim (made by actor Raul Cortez) who believes he is the reincarnation and Jesus Christ and promises his followers the road to paradise, which is the “path of salvation”, but as every false messiah slowly complicates himself.
Exercising power over the peasants, Joaquim pursues Artuliana (Ester Mellinger), who is pregnant, and asks his followers to take her son away, accusing her of being persecuted by the devil.
The film follows poor rural farmers in the Brazilian Northeast who join a messianic group, led by Joaquim (Raul Cortez), who believes he is the reincarnation of Jesus Christ. Joaquim promises to his followers that he will show them the way to paradise, the “path of salvation” of the title of the film.
With power over the peasants, the character of Raul Cortez begins to persecute those who do not pay him obedience, especially Artuliana (Esther Mellinger). Joaquim orders his followers to take the son of Artuliana, who is pregnant, accusing her of being possessed by the devil.
The film besides Raul Cortez has the participation of Lélia Abramo, José Parisi and Maria Isabel de Lizandra, and the history of messianism is nothing other than the history of Brazil, in pre-election times it is not difficult to pay attention to miracle workers and false prophets who vow to “defend the people” and promise false paths.
Roland Barthes, in his book Critique and Truth notes that the French term fait divers is structured from a search for a general news, something like a meeting.
The paths are hidden paths, what paths can be thought for the country in the coming years, what to expect for an brazilians elections in next year?.
Planning the Paths of Lord and Idealism
11
Dec
A serious social illness created by idealistic mentality is perfecionism, 
as well as economic and the vision of knowledge, in its perfect trait is the one that most affected and developed in the depths of human psychology idealism, but it brings several disorders and does not flatten any road.
The geometrical ideal, building and straightforward constructions, the ethicist morality of the state (Hegel defined it thus), lord even of the life and the hope of the people, does not really translate what is ethical, correct (and the rectum is only an appeal geometric) and what is good for human nature full of contours and imperfections, which should not have this name, perhaps the best translation in contemporary language is complexity.
Perfectionism can lead to symptoms like anxieties, obsessive disorders, although technically it is not a disease, it is at the root and what is worse in the thinking of many correct political, economic and even religious.
To flatten the ways of humanity should be just the opposite, to allow the human to develop, to discover possibilities and misunderstandings, to realize the process of learning that lasts a lifetime not only on the way to an unattainable perfection, but one that makes man happy .
The fact that diseases such as depression, various syndromes and human relationships are growing so difficult is nothing more than the difficulty of dealing with what is “imperfect” in its complexity, there are no equal people, not even equal mistakes, each one that commits it does for some new need of learning, this is for example, the difficulty of the so-called generation “neither nor”, by mistake of an overprotection.
Flattening the ways for a new “advent”, a new time, means first and foremost to rediscover the man, who is not the perfect, the Platonic “ideal” of beauty and purity.
Desert or nihilism
06
Dec
Put simply, nihilism is the absence of meaning of things that seems to reflect in the
present day, this makes man not desire the feeling of emptiness, contemplation and desert that on the contrary seeks to capture the deeper meaning of things by doing an “inner silence” and not a nihilistic “void”.
For Nietzsche it was the belief in the categories of reason that made us believe in a world that was constructed by false references, and even critics in modernity, mostly when they do not perceive this idealistic and empty ‘psychological state’, are attached to it and go around in circles looking for answers now in a false subjectivism of various forms (religious, ideological and even poetic), or in a false objectivism of the “active vita” advocated by Hanna Arendt, but which the philosopher Byung-Chul completes with the “contemplative vita “.
On nihilism, according to Giacóia Junior (2007), “Nietzsche thematizes three forms of nihilism, considered as a ‘psychological state’, that is, as a content of reflective consciousness. In each of them, it is always a category of reason, which gives support to an interpretation of becoming and of the value of human existence in the current of becoming, “this falls to the dismay of” was all in go. ”
The second is a need for totality, what is now said as the absence of a single discourse, what Giacóia comments as: “form of nihilism as a psychological state is presided over by the category of” totality “- as a support for a global interpretation of become. The representation of a unity, of a global organization and systematization would connect the chaotic multiplicity of individual, contingent and ephemeral beings to an integrated and organic totality – a rational whole, of infinite value (pantheism, monism, etc.), promoting reconciliation between random finitude and necessary infinity, “as a complete discourse falls on simplism.
The third form, which is nothing more than a conjunction of the previous two, comments Giacomo, is a “form of nihilism arising as an awareness of the mendacity of the metaphysical world, and as disbelief in the category of truth – with the discovery that the coming- being is the only reality – a reality, however, that we can not bear. “, it usually turns to pure idealist subjectivism or to unbridled activism of being “doing. ”
The desert seen with the search for Being, openness to the state of activity of contemplation, or contemplation of activity, is an ontological turn, penetration in the subjective of Being
Desert and contemplation
05
Dec
Among the difficulties of modern man is contemplation, so he wants to make everything 
smooth, everything polished, without pain, without blemish, without risks and without diseases, but the remedies and vaccines, in general, are an attenuated disease, that is, it is part of nature.
We want nature in our image and likeness, and we do not allow it to go its way, so we feel in a desert that we ourselves have built, not to be confused with silence and the “desert of the soul,” perhaps an improper name, for contemplation.
But there is a desert of existential emptiness, of nothingness that we seek in the society of consumption, sterile religiosity or idealistic philosophy, a void that is not a silence.
Contemplation is just the opposite, and clarifies the thinker Byung-Chul Han, in the Society of Fatigue, the pursuit of “active life” has become opposed to contemplative and then it is a desert full of things whose real existential meaning is questionable , precisely when we are in hyperactivity, social and non-psychic disease, is that we are in the void.
Contemplation demands something beyond pure imagination, one must see “with the eyes of the soul”, see beauty in seemingly imperfect nature, and for this it takes some form of belief to hope for the future.
Thomas Merton, a materialist converted to Christianity who became a great mystic, said: “It is faith, not imagination, which gives us supernatural life; faith justifies us; faith leads us to contemplation.”
Contemplation is not passivity, therefore, but attentive listening beyond the senses,
Understanding and Hermeneutics
09
Nov
Certainly wisdom is the opposite of ignorance, but wisdom is possible that
springs from tradition and wise living, but even these should have present interlocutors who have plunged into the thoughts and reflections of others, and who have read the tradition and the problems somewhere of humanity.
The idea that only a book exists in all wisdom is even refuted by the Christian philosopher Thomas Aquinas with his famous maxim; “Distrust the man of a single book,” Marx also read the “capitalist” economy of Adam Smith and Richard to write his famous “Capital,” but it must be said that few read the Bible, Capital, or any other book of basic reference to the thought of “tradition” that they claim to have.
Edmund Husserl, Martin Heidegger, Hans-Geog Gadamer, Emmanuel Lévinas, Paul Ricoeur, Edgar Morin and many others attest that there is a crisis in thought, at least in Western thought, as there is little reading and deepening in the thinking of the Arab and Eastern world , the African is almost incognito.
Another idea is to reduce culture to ideologies, and their exercise is in most cases to subject cultures to their scheme of thought, Paul Ricoeur wrote “ideology is this contempt that makes us take the image for the real, the reflex by the original “(Ricoeur, 2013, page 84) and this is perhaps the greatest Confucianism of our time.
Wisdom involves understanding, and hermeneutics is the science of understanding because it involves interpretation, overcoming preconceptions, understanding and dialogue, and revising concepts, the so-called hermeneutic circle, whose elucidation is made by Gadamer.
Although Gadamer sees him as stuck in romantic historicism, Dilthey has identified three classes of understanding: the first that he calls “larger judgments and formations of thought,” related to science that includes both natural and human sciences, are examples a textbook of biology or mathematics, but can also include concepts such as gravity and others present in common sense; the second is the lived experience and these are the ones who take the actions but should pass through the former, calls this a vital nexus.
It expresses the second as “elucidating how a situation, a purpose, a milieu and a vital nexus intersect in an action, it allows no inclusive determination of the external life from which it arose.”
The third and most essential are the expressions of lived experience, as Dilthey puts it: “An expression of lived experience may contain more nexus of psychic life than any introspection can perceive,” thus partly because of the aspect of understanding that has not yet if it is perceived, to penetrate it leads to a hermeneutic circle returning to greater judgments and formations, although Dilthey did not formulate thus, would be the hermeneutic circle.
DILTHEY, W. Obras escolhidas – vol. 3 A fundação do mundo histórico nas ciências humanas, 2002.
RICOEUR, P. Hermenêutica and Ideologias, 3ª. Edition, São Paulo: Vozes, 2013.
