Arquivo para a ‘4G’ Categoria
Communication, Shannon and data
13
Mar
Born in the small town of Gaylord, Claude
Shannon watched the creation of telegraphs using the barbed wire of the mountain farms in his region from an early age. He soon built his own telegraph, unlike the telephone companies of the time, in the countryside they continued to use barbed wire to send messages as telegraphs.
Shannon went to study at the University of Michigan, interested in mathematics and communication, where he discovered an advertisement asking for monitors for Vannevar Bush’s famous MIT Laboratory, where students finishing their theses were looking for a machine to tabulate data, unlike Charles Babbage’s historic English computer, this was just a machine to tabulate data, we could say a nascent data science.
The MIT laboratory was where “professors and students turned to the Differential Analyzer in moments of desperation, and when it was possible to solve equations with a margin of error of 2%, the operator of the Claude Shannon Machine was happy” (Gleick, 2013, p. 181).
The circuits of this machine were made up of ordinary switches and special switches called relays, direct descendants of the telegraph and predecessors of the logic of 0 and 1, whose logic was known to Bush, called Boole’s Algebra, which Shannon learned there.
This was where the data processed by Bush’s differential analyzer and the new logic of 0 and 1 came together, the other point we made in the previous post, the concern with an intelligible language for the machine and the problem of coding and decoding messages modified into electrical signals in the logic of 0 and 1.
Claude Shannon’s important point and great collaboration, expressed in his Mathematical Theory of Communication, determined how many coded signals would be needed to maintain the integrity of the message before the coding process.
The so-called Shannon Theorem determines that a number of signals twice the highest frequency communicated through the channel are required between the sender, who precedes the message sent, and the receiver, who decodes the signal and reconstructs the message. In order for this message to remain unchanged, the number of signals in Shannon’s Theorem must be observed.
The noise problem depends exclusively on the distance and the way the signal is captured and sampled (segmented into a quantity that complies with the theorem) while the sender and receiver problem depend on the transformation of the message into a signal (i.e. the transformation of an analog signal into a digital signal and vice versa).
The message sent and the message received depend only on human sources, as the sender and receiver are electrical, digital or photonic devices. Quantum devices are already being developed and could represent greater speed and signal integrity.
Gleick. (2013) Informação: uma história, uma teoria e uma enxurrada. (Information: a history, a theory and a flood). Trad. Augusto Cali. Brazil, São Paulo: ed. Companhia das Letras.
Thought and information technology
12
Mar
The origins of almost all realities (if we don’t
consider the divine and eternal) come from human thought, the idea of politics in the Greek polis, the idea of the “art of war”, from the law codes of Hammurabi (1792 to 1750 BC) to modern contractualists, compilations of religious treatises, epistemological constructions of the sciences and computer science could not be left out.
In 1900, when physics and mathematics seemed to give an air of precision and certainty to the scientific universe, positivism still reigned in law, a German mathematician David Hilbert proposed 23 “final” problems for mathematics at an International Congress in Paris in 1900.
Among these was the second problem: the finitist solution to the consistency of the axioms of arithmetic, which together with the sixth problem, which was the axiomatization of physics, seemed to give a logical and precise finish to all of science, but there had already been a return to the question of Being through Husserl and Heidegger, and this returned thought to human complexity.
Kurt Gödel, a member of the Vienna Circle who eschewed this logic and for this reason was called a neologicist, proved the incompleteness of the second problem, that arithmetic was either consistent or complete, thus remaining in a paradox, called Gödel’s Paradox.
The question of arithmetic is important to understand the origin of the idea of algorithms, which were previously just formulas like Bhaskara’s formula (for 2nd degree equations), complex solutions to differential equations, while physics had the problem of formulating all of physics in a single theory, the so-called Standard Theory of Physics, but quantum mechanics and the theory of general relativity, where time and space are not absolute, changed this scenario.
The meeting of Claude Shannon and Alain Turing, who were working on secret projects to code transmissions (made for the Roosevelt government) and decode the Enigma machine captured from the Nazis (Turing’s secret project) will create a new event.
Unable to talk about their secret projects (Gleick, 2013, p. 213), they talked about Gödel’s paradox and wondered about the possibility of the machine elaborating thoughts, even if it was something limited, and both developed theories about language and algorithms.
While Turing devised a state machine that, through back and forth movements of a tape recording symbols, would produce intelligible sentences, Shannon worked on a similar model (using a theory called Markov chain) that, through finite vocabularies, could compose sentences and formulate broader ideas.
Alain Turing’s definitive contribution was the so-called Finite State Machine, whose model was completed by Alonzo Church, while Claude Shannon left the contribution of a Mathematical Theory for Communication, his theory establishing the amount necessary for the information transmitted not to be damaged, but within the limits of the “machine”.
The reductionist idea that it is possible to carry out actions without a necessary, elaborate, meditated and tested thought is part of current pseudo-scientific narratives.
Gleick. (2013) . Informação: uma história, uma teoria e uma enxurrada. (Information: a history, a theory and a flood). Transl. Augusto Cali. Brazil, São Paulo: Companhia das Letras.
Pain today
21
Feb
This is the subtitle of the book: “The Palliative
Society: Pain Today” by Byung-Chul Han, which outlines the new control that reigns over minds: “Be happy is the new formula of domination” (p. 26).
It’s not just rulers or local authorities who proclaim this, churches and coaches also promise this, they are the new sellers of illusion, parents want to prevent their children from frustration and difficulties: “my child won’t go through what I went through”, “I want to give them every assistance and comfort”, but life is made up of frustrations, obstacles and setbacks.
Positive psychology wants to avoid any change: “not revolutionaries, but motivation trainers take the stage, and take care that no discontent [Unmut] arises, but no anger [Mut]” and Byung-Chul Han recalls a relevant historical fact: “On the eve of the world economic crisis in the 1920s, with its extreme social oppositions, there were many workers’ representatives and radical activists who denounced the excess of the rich and the misery of the poor” (pg. 28). 28), pointing out that the word “mut” in German is also courage, so as not to confuse the translation anger with hatred.
He reminds us that “social media and computer games also act as anesthetics” (p. 29), asking a young man why he uses computers so much, he replied “I relax”, but this is the counterpoint to a society of anxious, immediate, depressed and self-centered people.
The essence of this type of “happiness” is objectification: to buy a new piece of furniture, a new car, to change their house, to have an advanced cell phone and, for the poorest, a pair of branded sneakers or a designer shirt; if this is impossible, they will choose idols that embody “thinghood”.
While “true happiness is only possible if it is broken. It is precisely pain that protects happiness from objectification. Pain carries happiness. Painful happiness is not an oxymoron. All intensity is painful. Passion links pain to happiness” (Han, 2021, p. 31).
And there is no greater pain than giving oneself to others, George Bernanos wrote: “Knowing how to find joy in the joy of others is the secret of happiness, French writer and journalist at the beginning of the 20th century, he was a soldier in the French resistance in the Second World War and wrote ‘France against robots’ and ‘Dialogues of the Carmelites’ which is a kind of ‘reverse mysticism’.
For the Greeks, the good life was not a state, but a continuous quest, which they defined as happiness, but they did not abandon contemplation, wisdom and reason in order to live well.
“The society of survival loses all meaning for the good life. Even enjoyment [Genuss] is sacrificed to health elevated to an end in itself” (pg. 34), so what it actually leads to is a painful life of striving for survival, at least for the average person, although of course there are exploiters, millionaires and the powerful who also eagerly seek profit and a ‘happier’ survival.
Han, B.-C. (2021) A Sociedade Paliativa: a dor hoje. Brazil, Petrópolis, RJ: Editora Vozes.
Being, Truth and Consciousness
02
Feb
It is not by chance that when we are faced with the greatest technical development of humanity,
the current development of Artificial Intelligence that threatens to invade the universe of all things (the IoT is just a detail of this), we are also faced with the question of what it is consciousness.
From the truth of classical antiquity, Alethéia (a-létheia) is to reveal what is hidden, passing through countless authors until arriving at the Frankfurt School where Adorno and Horkheimer who speaks of the aporia of enlightenment, the one who at the beginning of modernity seeks to obtain a “objective” truth that conceals being.
In this question of truth, Heidegger, who develops the question of the forgetfulness of Being and the concealment of truth, developed it as: “in the following sentence where one writes about ‘truth’, it is evident that the representation of the essence of truth dictated by some modern manual of epistemology, leaving unchanged and untouched the essence of aletheia” (Heidegger, 1998, p. 115), says the author about authors who are trapped only in the etymology of the word.
The Frankfurtians, on the other hand, describe the issue of enlightenment as follows: “The aporia we face in our work thus reveals itself as the first object to be investigated: the self-destruction of enlightenment. We have no doubt – and this is where our petitio principii lies – that freedom in society is inseparable from enlightening thought” (Adorno & Horkeimer, 1947) which they reduce to a small principle, since they do not see the question of Being as central.
When questioning what is consciousness, or what is sentience in the matter of Artificial Intelligence, we are not questioning anything other than what separates us from things, ultimately what is Being and if in fact it only has meaning of “object” that modern enlightenment wanted to give us.
We are also faced with ethical and moral principles when “unveiling” (a-lethéia, non-hidden) the question of Being, resuming it is not just an exercise in the etymology of the word truth or a philosophical exercise, it is first of all to do an essential question, a lato principii: “what is being” and what is hidden.
The possibility of the clearing is none other than the one that puts us not before the truth logically development, for onto-logically, and from there to define what is conscience, developed by Heidegger in the following way: “consciousness is the appeal of the preoccupation from the estrangement of being in the world that awakens Dasein to its own power to be guilty” (Heidegger, 2012, p. 791).
The question remains if it is possible for all beings, and for the current modern man, a “awareness” that reveals within itself as an enlightenment of consciousness, beyond hatred, polarization, intolerance and the narratives that hide the truth of Being.
Turning to fortune tellers, self-help, does not make the wheel of history and truth go backwards, we walk in the dark, in concealment and not in the awareness of Being.
ADORNO, T. W. T. W. & Horkheimer, M. Dialética do Esclarecimento, 1947.
HEIDEGGER, Martin. Heráclito. Trad. Marcia Sá Cavalcante Schuback. Rio de Janeiro: Relume Dumará, 1998.
______, Ser e Tempo (edição em alemão e português). Trad. de Fausto Castilho. Campinas: Unicamp; Petrópolis: Rio de Janeiro, 2012.
Sentience, Consciousness and Robots
07
Jul
If we watch or remember a science fiction movie like HAL-900,
the supercomputer from the 2001 film A Space Odyssey, in which the computer starts making decisions by itself, or the parody of “The Simpsons”, in one episode a voice comes to intelligent life and falls in love with Merge and wants to kill Homer, today we are already able to identify the limits of these daydreams.
We are still not able to pinpoint the limits of the AI machine (the film in which an intelligent machine created to control the environment after the ice caps melt and encounter a human boy will David Swinton (artist Haley Joel Osmet) will have an unforgettable emotional experience with this machine, and Blade Runner, in my opinion the best fiction in this theme.
Blade Runner’s AI machine and sophisticated Androids are still far from being scientific realities that allow machines “awareness” or even “smart brains” (the LaMDA machine is just a program with data stored in a cloud), and they are works of art. science fiction, both aimed at a future beyond the second half of the 21st millennium.
Formal rules, however complex they are, are just sentient and even they are not AI, along the lines of the “sentient” in the film “ex-machina” the robot (in the above modified photo of the film) develops an “instinct”.
The problem of our civilization is to allow humanity to get there in social, environmental and moral security, so we must think of consciousness directed to these phenomena, since one can only speak of consciousness of “something” phenomenological, and the most urgent consciousness is the social peace.
Already at the limits of AI, which is moving towards advanced sentience, it is able to identify people by their facial features, cars by license plates and solve complex logical questions and advance to machine learning problems by identifying and classifying data in natural language that achieve learning. “from” deeper machine (deep learning).
To have a deeper awareness of reality beyond false advertisements, promises of earthly paradise that hide atrocities, look to social security, which includes all people in an accelerated pace of actions (the Fatigue Society) without pause for reflection.
Our most urgent and immediate problems are human: the empathic relationship and social peace.
2020: IT predictions
21
Jan
It is famous and historical predictions in the 70s by the presidents of DigitalEquipments and IBM that personal computers would not come true, but in the early 80s they were. The renowned Wired magazine said at that time that they would happen, but would be first adopted in companies and then in families, the reverse happened. T he magazine's predictions for simultaneous translation were for 2015, they happened in 2017 but there are still complaints about its effectiveness, the bet on hydrogen cars was for 2010, which is becoming reality are electric cars, slowly because of the market it is true, but also the technology of batteries and autonomy of the expensive ones still evolves. Five technologies may meanwhile change the market in 2020: 5G may definitely enter the market changing the business of smartphone operators , multiclouds as evolution of cloud storage will be an evolution of current clouds, AI in particular, Ma chine Learning will enter companies and businesses giving impetus to current IT. And, finally, many possibilities of mobility can change, with the evolution of IoT.
The future and our life in 2100
10
Oct
We have written a few posts about Michio Kaku, about some of his speculations about physics,
now we want to give him a jump in the future, different from what the technoprofetas do (the name given by Jean Gabriel Ganascia to the creators of technological myths), Kaku speculates using physics and being optimistic.
He writes: “In 2100 our destiny is to become like the gods we once worshiped and feared. But our tools will not be like magic wands and potions, but computer science, nanotechnology, artificial intelligence, biotechnology and, above all, quantum theory, which is the basis of earlier technologies. “(Kaku, 2011)
If positioning as a quantum physicist, the term is inappropriate but would say theoretical, he asks: “But where is all this leading technological change? Where is the final destination of this long journey in science and technology? “.
His answer is surprising. It responds in a sociological way: “the culmination of all these disorders is the formation of a planetary civilization, what physicists call Type I civilization,”
Not surprising to those who connect all Newtonian mechanics with the logic that lasts until our days to the right, economic ideas and theories of the state.
And he goes on: “Unless we succumb to the forces of chaos and madness, the transition to a planetary civilization is inevitable, the end product of the enormous, inexorable force of history and technology beyond any control.”
Futurists already anticipated the office without paper, but the bureaucratic chaos makes the paper still to be spent exorbitantly, the work at home is not yet reality, but it could be.
Also the online shopping cybershoppers, cyberstudents making classrooms obsolete, and many universities would close due to lack of interest from young people.
What we see is proliferating cyberclassrooms and universities still record record numbers of students, professors who successfully give lectures on philosophy, physics and technological gadgets, giant media puzzles try to manipulate people’s heads, but “the lights of Broadway shine still as intensely as before. ”
But technology continues to be fought as one of the “evils of our time,” and according to Kaku the point is: “Whenever there is conflict between modern technology and the desires of our primitive ancestors, these primitive desires gain more and more.” : “This is the cave man principle”.
Kaku tells a story similar to today, watched a movie that changed his life was the “Forbidden Planet,” based on Shakespeare’s play “The Storm” in the movie astronauts find an ancient civilization but millions of years our front.
The discovery of the Chauvet Cave in southern France, where we rediscover primitive man capable of an art and a subjectivity comparable to our time, is nothing more than the idea of this Cave Man who subsists in us and insists on not going to the future.
The book does not end there, his belief in the future is strong and resilient, but one sentence of Schopenhauer translates well his vision: “Each one limit the world’s limits in his vision,” personally he would add but the limits are greater than our vision.
Kaku, M. (2011) Physics of the futuro: how science will shape human Destiny and our daily lives by the year 2100.
Tracking in food production
13
Aug
The IoT arrived abruptly in agriculture, had already arrived at some time in the cattle ranch with the tracking of each head of cattle 
individually, now the “suply chain”, technical name for the monitoring of the production chain arrived on time, in the field and agroindustry.
Anvisa (Brazilian National Sanitary Surveillance Agency) and the Ministry of Agriculture begin to oblige the producer to have a more strict control over the use of pesticides, which implies monitoring and tracking throughout the production line starting at the field, but the problems are enormous for the application of the Law.
The automated tracking and tracing system, if properly implemented and well implemented, will provide all key elements and production details throughout the supply chain, enabling manufacturers to better respond to customer demands and food control in a competitive market internationally, those producers who do not fit can lose valuable contracts.
Fresh vegetable products, or their wrappings, cartons, bags and other packaging must now be duly identified in order to allow access by the competent authorities to the records containing the required information.
The identification can be done by means of labels printed with alphanumeric characters, bar code, QR Code, or any other system that allows to identify fresh vegetable products in a unique and unequivocal way.
The traceability of the INC will be monitored by the health surveillance services and the Ministry of Agriculture.
The technologies that will dominate 2018
28
Dec
One is undoubtedly the order of the day, but it must grow until 2021, it is
Virtual and Augmented Realities, with the difference that the first is the creation of a totally virtual environment while the second is an insertion of virtualities in the real environment, the Pokemon Go, second version of the little monsters grew in 2017.
Estimates from research groups such as Gartner and TechCrunch, is market will move more than 100 billion dollars by 2021, as next year is from Copa, Japan by example promises unprecedented broadcasts to 2022 in Quatar.
The internet of things is increasing its possibilities, how much we thought that the technology of networks 5G was distant in the USA already is in operation in many places and could be a reality next year, with this the internet of the things that depends on this transmission efficiency can reach new directions such as water systems, low cost energy and sophisticated traffic control systems, finally entering the IoT (Interner of Things) in people’s lives.
Another concern, but we do not know if the systems will become more efficient, are the security systems this year WannaCry affected telephone systems and FedEX, among others, reaching up to affect more than 150 countries, there are promises for 2018. Data production reached 2.5 exabytes per day (1 exabyte = 10 ^ 18 bytes), and BigData’s technology came to stay, but an important ally in the handling and handling of this data should be Artificial Intelligence (in Picture vision abourt polygonal brain), the intelligent agents that will dominate the Web 4.0 should appear this year, but the forecast to become reality on the Web is for 2020.
3D printer and nanotechnology are already reality, but should move forward, as well as the early reality of the 5G internet, we posted yesterday yesterday the “novelty” gadgets, the conceptual smartphone and the 360-degree camera, in technology sometimes surprise these things bombing the practical reality.
The technology is part of the history of humanity, we will post tomorrow about the year 2017, in facts.
Europe plan 5G to advance
05
Mar
The Europe in the 90s was a leader in second generation GSM technology, the old lumbering cell, was lagging behind 4G networks of broadband services, in relation to the United States and Eastern countries such as Japan and South Korea.
In a panel during the fair MWC (see the post on 03 March), Guenther Oettinger EU commission for the Digital Society and Economy said; “With 5G, Europe has a great opportunity to reinvent the stage of its telecommunications industry,” indicating a return to growth that is strategic for the economy in general.
The operators in the region, including Britain’s Vodafone and Spain’s Telefonica, were slow in deploying 4G while Japan, South Korea and the US were quick when compared to other advanced economies.
