Arquivo para a ‘Neurociência’ Categoria
(Português) Complexidade, consciência e AI
16
Oct
Complexity, consciousness and AI We have already stated that both 
complexity and consciousness are phenomena that belong to the biological nature, but AI (artificial intelligence) continues to have advances, what would be the misconceptions of mistaken notions in this field?
The response of MIT technology professor Rodney Brooks, who works with robotics for Panasonic, is that there are seven deadly sins, and he cites Amara’s law by saying that people tend to underestimate both the short-term and the short-term effect. long-term technology while examining a nonexistent technology, while another is confusing hypotheses where the AI would have an equal competence to solve the problem of a nonexistent technology.
A third factor pointed out by Brooks is that the assumption often of practicing a task is often confused with a task performed by AI equal to competence.
Brooks also says that people are prone to parallel AI progress in learning a given task for the same process in humans, so it always comes up with the idea of human hybrids / machines.
Brooks also asserts that people should not expect AI to continue to make steady progress on an exponential path, but rather on adjustments and reevaluations, and we should not believe in media scenarios with unexpected AI scenarios.
This is the science fiction of Odyssey 2001, where the computer that made diabolic decisions never existed and watch the movie today shows the unreality of that fiction, Blade Runner was updated in 2049 and asks if machines have souls, the writer’s question that inspired the film is whether machines dream of electric sheep (in Philip K. Dick’s novel, and why machines would sleep? and why would machines sleep?
Incidentally the figure of the dog of the old Andromeda songwriter, also calling Harrison Ford for the role was interesting in reference to the novel that inspired the film.
The full article by Rooney Brooks published in Technology Review´s last week is quite interesting and separates 7 fallacies about AI.
Autonomous robots?
03
Oct
Autonomous robots are a denomination for those who are within the environmental
limits, can achieve the desired goals (by humans or by tasks organized in an algorithm) in these unstructured environments without a human help, by this they are in certain levels.
For example, within a factory where mechanical tasks are performed, to avoid accidents, their geographic space is limited and deficient to detect the defect that can be fulfilled by a forged task, since a space robot should have fewer limits and be the most autonomous autonomous, for being without possibility of direct human action and having communication difficulties due to a distance.
The project called SWARM, funded by the European Union and we have already made a post, now has the first multi-robot system of autonomous assembly that has sensory-motor coordination observing similar robots around them, they will vary in shape and height in white according to a task and / or work environment.
A central “cerebral” central coordinating system, all of us, through a system called MNS (Mergeable Nervous System), and thus are reconfigured observing different capacities but combined by a single central controller.
They can also split up and perform self-repair tasks, eliminating defective body parts, including a brain unit with some defect, of course, one can define which are defeats and self-repairs.
In autonomous robots, learning and strategy according to the environment, what you can do with your autonomy increases, but for what you can print, the article is still not the case.
The current model has 10 units, and the authors point out without paper published in Nature Communications, claim that the Project is scalable, both in terms of computational resources for robotic control and time of reaction to stimulus, whithin the system.
How are cyber-brain searches?
02
Oct
There is a lot of research mapping the brains, and investigating aspects of how certain 
functions work such as: motor function, vision, and in a very special way the
Cognitive Neuroscience studies the cognitive ability (knowledge) of a person, such as reasoning, memory and learning.
A recent study by the Universities of Exeter and Oxford of the United Kingdom, in conjunction with the University of Munster in Germany, has developed photonic microchips that immitate the synapses of the human brain using light and no longer electricity, as in other chips.
The chips is manufactured using the frequency phenomenon, but from the combined phase shift in the integrated photonic circuits designed for this, with synapses can operate at 1,000 times the speed of humans, which does not mean they do the same.
The researchers say that it is a fundamental step in machines capable of functioning and in the way of thinking in a way similar to the brain since the photon is fast and low energy consumption.
David Wright told the University of Exeter website that the project addresses two important issues in electronic computing, both speed and efficiency and capacity problems in parallel processing, the fastest of now: ” not only by developing…new brain-like computer architectures, but also by working in the optical domain to leverage the huge speed and power advantages of the upcoming silicon photonics revolution “
On-chip photonic synapse by Zengguang Cheng, Carlos Rios, Wolfram Pernice, C David Wright and Harish Bhaskaran is published in Science Advances.
Dualism and Pharisaism
28
Sep
Dualism is a philosophical and cosmological conception of the world, based on two
principles or two irremediably opposed substances, and incapable of synthesis.
When we think in a dual way, it is almost inevitable that these two worlds are divided inwardly, so our cosmological conception and worldview will be dual.
Thomas Hyde wrote a work on the doctrine of Zoroaster (Veterum Persarum et Parthorum et Medorum Religionis Historia – 1700), with two principles and two deities, while Leibniz and Spinoza were monists, but they also used this in the philosophical sense, since the theory religious presence in both deserves long discussion.
It is curious that Manichaeism and Pharisaism have remained in the Western Christian cosmogonies, since St. Augustine is converted by abandoning this doctrine, but a philosophical question may explain this is the ontological oblivion and the question of being, but also the logical pragmatism and scientific, empiricism and other contributions are there.
John Searle stated: “Descartes’ greatest catastrophe is its dualism, the idea that reality is divided into two kinds of substances, matter and spirit. Descartes was unable to see this because he thought that consciousness could only exist in a soul, and the soul was not a part of the physical world “(Brain, Mind, and Consciousness: A Conversation with Philosopher John Searle), and for this questions about the mind and brain are current issues.
The dualism in philosophy has its consistent beginning (there are dual pre-Socratics) with Plato, (4th century BC) part of the conception that at the beginning of everything there were ideas in an incorporeal and eternal deity and she who had an ideal form “falls” in and forms the universe.
Part of the Christian cosmogony incorporates this “prototype” and links itself to fundamentalism with the allegory of “casting out Adam and Eve from paradise,” the Pharisees were a part of Judaism who aspired to rigor and absolute purity, especially in matters of liturgy, but there is the other aspect that is political and we would say philosophical to unite with power in ambiguous ways.
What is observed in everyday practice, as it is characteristic of dualism is to hide behind words and speeches, sometimes even appealing to “practice” with dubious attitudes.
What makes the contemporary world suspicious of these doctrines is precisely dualism
Androids and cyborgs: where?
26
Sep
The fiction Blade Runner has led us to think, just as in the Odyssey 2001 season too, yes we are going to space, machines grow in complexity, but we must ask the question of Terrence Deacon: Incomplete Nature: how mind emerges from matter ? (see our post).
The controversial Raymond Kurzweil in 2005: The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology is a book released by an update of The Age of Spiritual Machines and The Age of Intelligent Machines, but the bottom line is where did we come from? If we come only from chemical compounds that for millions of years have been forming complex organisms, until human complexity has arrived, a natural being, conscious and creating fantastic things, among them the machine, where will we arrive?
The question that precedes all those that are our “existence” is that which is our being, is transcendent in the sense of what was before man, we came only from the clay as the creationists want, we came from the mind of God as they want the religious, or it is still possible a synthesis between the two: a spirit has been “blown” in us.
In fact, what we think about the future has to do with what we think of our origin and why this question is important, then we can say that “being” precedes “existence” and we can say that the “existing being” precedes “ethics,” or in a more philosophical way “being” and “ethics” are conjugated ontologically, for both determine a being, and he is aware.
Then it will be possible to “blow” on androids and cyborgs no matter how sophisticated their decision-making mechanisms, a subject that refers to the axioms of Hilbert’s arithmetic, Kurt Gödel’s incompleteness and undecidability theorem, until we come to elaborate complex logics of these mechanisms in intelligent agents and “artificial intelligence”, but it would in fact be intelligence, in our view, for now androids and cyborgs only in fictions.
Androids have awesome superhuman parts and robotics (vision, strength, precision, etc.), While cyborgs have human parts and robot parts, but hybrids that have human and superhuman parts would depend on biogenetics and even more neuroscience advances that already exist.
We can create androids, as in the film Blade Runner 2049, but what capacity would they have for feelings and androds awareness ?
Blade Runner 2049 is better
25
Sep
A classic fiction film is undoubtedly Blade Runner, I do not consider the
best nor the first, because we must remember Lost in Space (1965 to 1968) if we think of TV series and the Stanley Kubrick classic 2001: A Odyssey in the space of 1968, said by some: “the most incredible, beautiful and mentally stimulating science fiction film of all time.”
For those who knew the plot of the movie that is about to be released, there are some new and strange things.
But Blade Runner brought the replicants, hybrid beings whose true robotic identity is hidden, and only by the eye (more precisely by the iris could be identified) and in full war with humans, so they say, is the father of many modern science fiction in the robotic line.
In a cavernous setting in Budapest on an autumn morning in 2016, Harrison Ford – wearing a gray button-down shirt, dark jeans and a Ford-resistant grimace – is shooting a crucial rendezvous in Blade Runner 2049, now directed by Denis Villeneuve
For the first time in more than three decades, Ford is resuming its role as Rick Deckard, the fast-fingered, hard-drinking cop in 1982, of Ridley Scott’s first Blade Runner.
Why K (Ryan Gosling on the android hunter cop) does not just use the front door is not exactly clear, since the Blade Runner 2049 plot is protected with the kind of intensity usually reserved for Star Wars. (Even negotiating to get into the set demanded more and after a Voight-Kampff test).
Ana de Armas stated that her character is “strong and complex,” she “is Agent K’s mistress, her best friend, and the only person she can trust.”
After 30 years of Blade Runner there are some confirmed details: the public left Deckard injured and mistreated in 2019 Los Angeles, he disappeared, and the official LAPD of Gosling is on the hunt (possibly under the command of his boss, played by Robin Wright, although nobody involved with the movie say for sure).
Meanwhile there is a new generation of replicants – the series term for the androids that are built by a mysterious inventor named Wallace (Jared Leto), who is aided by a dedicated employee, Luv (Sylvia Hoeks).
That’s pretty much everything the 2049 team is saying, no matter how politely I ask. “I’m not even sure I’m allowed to say I’ve had a good time doing it,” laughs actor Gosling.
The launch is scheduled for October 5, 2017 (in Brazil).
Has the mind emerged from matter?
23
Sep
This question lies in the work of Berkeley’s philosopher, anthropologist and
cognitive scientist Terrence Deacon, in Incomplete Nature: how mind emerges from matter (2013), where Deacon considers information a phenomenon whose existence is determined respectively by an essential absence, something like Not realized that may or may not be the accomplished one.
If in the 19th century the great paradigm was to admit the existence of energy and its relation to matter, now modified by Constantine Tsallis (see our post), the 20th century brings to us its difficulties in assimilating the existential unreality of information. A complete explanation of the real nature of information is such that it would be necessary to distinguish information from merely material or energetic relations which also require a paradigm shift, so a form / background alternation that we call this in-form-action in my blog would still be More fundamentally a counterintuitive vision than that demanded by energy (Deacon, 2013, p.373)
Deacon uses for his argument, several examples from biology and mathematics to justify his idea, essentially emerging from a nothingness, is not really new in philosophy and science, still less in logic and mathematics, but unlike Descartes Where the first certainty is the I, in modern mathematics the first certainty is the 0, the empty set and now with the digital, 0 and 1, that emerges a metamamatic as Gregory Chaitin wants, which we already discussed in another post.
The cardinal number model of the mathematician Von Neumann defines all numbers literally from scratch: there is the empty set. The empty set itself has an element: the empty set itself, Alain Turing and Claude Shannon idealized the machine, but it was von Neumann who built it, if we think the Mark I and Konrad Zuze’s machine were no more than electro calculators -mechanics. A mathematician connected to the theory of Sets, Ernst Zermelo, although he makes a different reasoning, also part of the zero to reach all the cardinals. Information is part of modern man, not only in the city, but now in the so-called Information Society, that we ourselves will produce it from situations where we identify that something is missing.
This appears to be the best approach to address the nature of information She is always something that is missing. As if at all times reality was wondering: now what is missing, and providing what it can. This idea is even known to us. Being proactive, efficient, organized, is always to have a preventive and proactive attitude towards possible situations.
It’s an anticipation. It is to detect what is lacking and to provide. According to Deacon, this logic permeates all reality. In addition to the abundant infosphere in which we stand, emerging information is a constant demand, whether through living beings or not.
Deacon claims the idea of mathematician and communication theorist Claude Shannon, who associated maximum entropy with minimal information and vice versa, bringing information to the origin of the order / disorder dichotomy, so dear to theories of complex systems, the mathematics of chaos and to the irreversible thermodynamics of the dissipative structures of Ilya Prigogini, Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1977, from where the ideas of Chaos and Complexity emerges.
Constantino Tsallis, Terrence W. Deacon and Gregory Chaitin has talks in EBICC Conference in São Paulo, Brazil.
DEACON, T. W. Incomplete Nature: the mind emerged from matter. 2013.
A constant and a possible Nobel of Physics
28
Aug
Constantino Tsallis (1943-), of the Santa Fe Institute is a Greek who is in Brazil, 
and is a candidate for the Nobel Prize in Physics this year, he also has brazilian and arngetine nationalities, as he likes to say: “he and the fans of Flamengo (big soccer club in Brazil) hope for this Nobel of Physics “.
He reworked Boltzmann’s constant to the point of making it more generic, more applicable, and about to change its name (or create a more general constant) called Tsallis.
The Boltzmann constant (k or kB) is the physical constant that relates temperature and energy to molecules, kMols as we have learned (or not) in physics classes.
The name is due to the Austrian physicist Ludwig Boltzmann (1844-1906), who made the most important contributions to statistical mechanics (even being considered its founder), in which its constant has a fundamental role. Its experimental value, in SI units, determined in 2002, is:
K = 1.3806503. 10 ^ -23 J / K
The simplest way to arrive at the Boltzmann constant is to divide the constant of the perfect gases by the constant of Avogadro.
But the contribution does not stop there, the most important concept that comes from physics is that of entropy, and together with Maxwell (although they have never worked together), they constituted what is called the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution to visualize the particle velocity distribution At different temperatures.
Constantine Tsallis, a Greek-American physicist who currently works in Brazil, in reviewing Boltzmann’s constant, he says only for the beauty of the equations,
Formulated in 1988 by Constantine Tsallis as a basis for generalizing standard statistical mechanics, it can be said almost to refound, it is a generalization of the Boltzmann-Gibbs Entropy, since Gibbs’s Particullah has recently been confirmed experimentally and is also a fundamental result For Standard Physics.
The physical relevance of Tsallis ‘theory is already widely debated in the world of physical literature, but it has been only in the past decade that researchers have shown that Tsallis’ mathematics more accurately describes power law behaviors in a wide range of phenomena, The turbulence of fluids to the fragments created in the collisions of high-energy particles.
Constantino Tsallis is a candidate for the Nobel of Physics and will attend the EBICC on EBICC da USP-SP-Brazil.
The problem of consciousness and algorithms
24
Aug
Mathematician and computer scientist Gregory Chaitin, who is Argentinean American and is at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, formulated still young from the complexity of Kolmogorov, contributions to the formulation of an algorithmic and meta-mathematical information theory, which was Developed from the formulation of Gödel’s incompleteness theorem, already quoted here in previous posts and its relation with the Turing Machine and Alonzo Church, which gave rise to modern digital computing.
Chaitin defined a constant that bears his name and uses the symbol Ω, a real number whose digits are equidistributed, and which is sometimes informally described as an expression of the probability that a random program will be interrupted.
The constant Ω has the mathematical property of being decidable but computable we can say separates Hilbert-Gödel’s problem from the Turing / Church problem, but more than that, it gives a key to solve problems in the field of biology (obtaining A formal definition of “life,” origin and evolution) and neuroscience (the problem of consciousness and the study of the mind).
In epistemology, Chaitin proposed that both in mathematical logic and in algorithmic theory, “mathematical facts that are true for whatever reason, they are true by accident.these are random mathematical facts.” Chaitin proposes that mathematicians should abandon any hope of proving these mathematical facts and adopting a semi-empirical methodology.
In this sense it creates a metaphysics of mathematics, or a metamathematics one, capable of elaborating algorithms that propose a logic of life and even of the conscience, from there are possible the studies of biology and the mind by formulations of this metamathemamatics one.
Gregory Chaitin will be at USP at the EBICC event in early November this year addressing the issue of awareness from his perspective.
The holograms arrived
15
Aug
Although they are recent and there is still a lot of technology to become “augmented”
realities in our daily lives, the holograms have come down the path that is the fastest to anticipate, the art world.
In many recent environments headseats are needed to merge the hologram with the real world, and create what has become known as augmented reality, others use 2D projections or mirrors to trick our brains and see the figures in mid-air, but now the Leap into the future was audacious.
According to artist Joanie Lemercier, he imagined the technique thought in the films Minority Report and the saga Star Wars, to give life to the “no-attainment”, the vision that has of the augmented reality, and to make the visitors of his “installations” enjoy The content in its own perspective without depending on specific equipment, and for the time being, are geometric projections and forms produced in sensing (for example, a human body or an artistic piece), geometric shapes and dynamic movements to entertain the public.
But it uses “traditional” monitoring technologies such as image analysis and depth sensors to make shapes properly designed.
While the industry scenario continues to be sophisticated, this simpler scenario seems to be more effective as it resorts to existing technologies, and by creating virtually human forms (see one of Lemercier’s projections), it seems more effective.
The artist himself predicts that in the very near future, he thinks of using compressed gas and mists with fine particles of water to display projections in an environmentally harmless environment, and that they will be simulating volumetric impressions in immersive environments
