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Critics of Hegel

21 Jul

I consider the most important one that emerged from Husserl,phenomenous who has roots in Franz Brentano, because there arose much of existentialism, and three of the most important contemporary thinkers: Heidegger, Paul Ricoeur and Emmanuel Levinas, there is Karl Popper, a critique of part of which will be for the next post.

The first fiercest critics of Hegel are Arthur Schopenhauer and Friedrich Nietzsche, both had an important influence of American transcendentalism of Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882), and although both also had the influence of oriental readings, it is through this influence that can explain the transcendentalist subjectivism of both, or in other words, it has not completely broken with the egoic center of Western culture where the self is where part of the philosophy, both make speeches on the question of “will”.

Karl Marx is not just an opponent, of the belief Hegelian system in the state, and this in a way in a kind of “god”, for example, the philosophy of history, he does what he defined himself as a Hegelian head down, not a sky system for the earth, but the earth to heaven, but what was heavenly paradise Marx? A classless society, the real socialism revealed that just built new “caste” in power.

Let us return to Edmund Husserl (1859-1938), work maturity Crisis of European Sciences (1936), Husserl wrote, “our critical reflections on Kant already made clear in the danger of striking conclusions, but still obscure or, if you want the lighting pure conclusions in the form of vague anticipations … and it also became understandable how he was forced toward a mythical conceptual construction and a dangerously hostile metaphysics all true science. ”

He defended an essentiality, is famous for his phrase “return things for themselves”, but his belief in the phenomenological model that creates basis for a genuine science, rewired to be (existentialism would come with Heidegger, his student who succeeded him in the gym ) a new transcendentalism, and explained: “We ourselves will be directed to an internal transformation that we will be face to face – in direct experience – the size long felt but constantly hidden from’transcendental’. The basis of the experience revealed in his infinity, will then become the fertile soil of a philosophy of methodical work with the self-evidence, moreover, that all conceivable philosophical and scientific problems of the past are destined to be presented and resolved on this basis“, wrote Husserl.

 

(Português) Hegel: o ápice do idealismo

20 Jul

Sorry, this entry is only available in Brazilian Portuguese.

 

Idealism the age of reason

19 Jul

Empiricism was not created by David Hume, but John Locke, ImmanuelEmpirismIdealism Kant however is that inspired by Hume, who will say “dare to know”, seeking wisdom, in the vision of the Enlightenment away from the beliefs and superstitions, say Kant:
Enlightenment [Aufklärung] is the man out of his youth, of which he himself is guilty. The minority is the inability to make use of his understanding without direction from another individual. The man is the culprit himself this minority is the cause of it is not in lack of understanding, but in lack of resolution and courage to use it yourself without the guidance of another. Sapere aude! “(Kant, 1783)

The period between the late seventeenth century and the late eighteenth century, known as the Enlightenment, was characterized by criticism of any belief, by criticism of own instruments for obtaining knowledge, and consider knowledge as something which aims to make life better human beings, both in the individual field, as in society.

Kant tried to get a moral to the personal field, that although criticize in the Practical Reason Critique the dangers of exaggeratedly egoic society of his time, for him as a “mania I”, a “social pathology”, which turns the notion of respect on a misconception based on the inner feeling of each individual, establish to reconcile rationalism with empiricism, that “Act as if the maxim of thy action were to be transformed, through your will, a universal law of nature.” in his Rationale the metaphysics of morals.

 

Thus, its reason is an attempt to overcome the “pure” reason of Descartes, but remain still stuck to it, the Kantian reason is not the way to think of each one, is something necessary and universal, ie all are are governed by it.

One can say roughly that in idealist philosophy the basic principle is that I am I, in a proper sense of idealism, I is object for me (I), so that its basic dichotomy that is the opposition between subject and object remains as incident inside the self, since I own is the object to the subject (I).
Idealism in its complexity can make a rough division into three parts: (1749) ‘philosophical system that approaches the thought all existence’ (1828) ‘design aesthetic in which to seek the expression of the ideal over the real’ ( 1863) ‘attitude which consists of subordinating thought and conduct to an ideal’, which will find its climax in Hegel.

 

Kant, Immanuel. Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals. Trans. Lewis White Beck. Page numbers citing this work are Beck’s marginal numbers that refer to the page numbers of the standard edition of Königlich-Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Berlin, 1902–38.

 

(Português) Empirismo é racionalismo ?

18 Jul

Following our author-guide Peter Kreeft in his imaginary Socrates’ dialogueRacionalismEmpirism with Hume, now Socrates ask about the method and what is true for Hume, trying to show it as rationalist, to Hume says it is not, Socrates replies:
“SOCRATES: In his epistemological theory, yes, but not his method. Your method, like theirs, is to reduce or data to explain the complex to the simple, the rich variety of experience to simple universal formulas. HUME: But this is just one of the elements of the scientific method. SOCRATES: And this means that it should be an element of philosophical method?

HUME: There is nothing absolutely true or false with respect to a method … a method is just a tool, a practical means in order to find the truth. What we should discuss is about true.

SOCRATES: I agree. But it can not be true that the scientific method is not suitable for the philosopher an unscientific method to a scientist?

HUME: And that would use method to compare the scientific method to any other method? SOCRATES: I would use the universal method of logic.

HUME: Fair enough.

SOCRATES: And I say that reductionism violates the laws of logic.” (Kreeft, 2012).
The reductionism is the basis of rationalism and empiricism also, this is a simplification of reality in formulas and processes apparently explained, but they are complex.
The theme is earlier modernity in the late Middle Ages, the English nominalist William Ockham created the method “between two explanations choose the simplest,” and because of it it became known as Razor Ockham.

 

The rationalism and empiricism of Hume

15 Jul

In the chapter of the Starting Soint (in the book of Peter Kreeft), Socrates Empirismbegins to dialogue with Hume, assumes that there is a break from life in the thought of the empiricist and rationalist in the background is.

 

Explaining, it is Descartes who founded the modern rational thought with the idea that everything can be explained by reason, but there it an essential relationship with the physical and mathematical logicism, Hume attempts to fix this by putting together the experience, but his empiricism is not exactly the “life” and Kant attempts later still reconcile the two with his idealism.

Returning to the script Peter Kreeft, which is a hypothetical Socratic dialogue with Hume, at the starting point, says Socrates to Hume: “Your division Descartes between mind and body: is defined and clear and is more rationalist than experimental . Almost no philosopher has ever had such a gap between his philosophy and his life. “(Kreeft, 2012).
And start the dialogue by saying that Hume is a “disguised Rationalist of Empiricist”:
“HUME: So since you intend does not judge my philosophy, I do not intend to judge your judgment … (follows) SOCRATES: … my suspicion that you are a rationalist, which comes from the other main point of the first section of your book … tell us what you intend to accomplish with your philosophy:

But we will not be reasonable to expect that philosophy, carefully cultivated […] to […] reveal, at least to some extent mobile and hidden principles that drive the human mind in its actions? Astronomers have long been content to deduce the phenomena visible the true movement, the order and magnitude of the heavenly bodies, … (follows) (quoting Hume in The essay on human understanding).

 

Here to explain what your science of ideas you want to achieve, make an analogy with Newton as he reduced the complex phenomena of the behavior of all matter to some exploratory principles also turnest … the complex of all consciousness phenomena a few exploratory principles. And it also looks more like a rationalist ideal than a Empiricist “(Kreeft, 2012).
Hume tries to explain that this reduction is possible, but will be attached to “cause and effect” of the physical world, is that the behavior and the complex human consciousness is?

 

 

 

 

Philosophy drops: starting with Socrates

14 Jul

We know Socrates by Plato, that is appears in the dialogues of Plato Socrates-meets-Humeand how good philosophy, is a conversation in which an argument is being engendered in a logical as claimed Leibniz: in which a truth leads to another, and so someone contradicts or is refuted in the middle of the conversation, finally they are dialogues.

 

Dialogues by are not aphorisms, maxims that said almost dogmatic way might seem true, but they are not the lack of dialogue, in the words of today’s philosophy, without the presence of the other, but only the presence of the same, monologues sometimes self-referential or systemic, the Gödel paradox: no axiomatic theory (logic) is complete.

 

The debate between Socrates and Hume, but a hypothetical meeting in eternity is important because empiricism was the last major current scientific thinking, borrowed the Vienna Circle, who tried to reconceptualize and demonstrate the falsehoods of metaphysics.

 

It was Peter Kreeft (2012) who wrote “Socrates meets Hume: The father of Philosophy meets father of Skepticism Modern” humbly writes in his introduction: “I believe I have not violated the integrity of Hume’s philosophy” (Kreeft, 2012) and then; “This is not an academic work” (idem), I would say better.

 

After an initial presentation, in which Hume says as a skeptic and Socrates and he did not, but are as censored by the academy, and make a dialogue on the critical ideas.

 

Highlight initially, on this issue of critical Socrates says is important to education

“SOCRATES: So does  not claim you are subject to the same criticism.

HUME: I have nothing to fear. I’m not one of those builders of dogmatic systems, such as those Rationalists, Descartes, Spinoza and Leibniz.

SOCRATES: That remains to be seen”(Kreeft, 2012).

 

KREEFT, P. Socrates Meets Hume: The Father of Philosophy Meets the Father of Modern Skepticism, Boston:  St. Augustines Press, 2012.

 

 

(Português) Ainda coalizão: o diálogo como cinismo

12 May

Sorry, this entry is only available in Brazilian Portuguese.

 

Technology-People Literacy (TPL)

27 Apr

This is Technology-PeopleGartner2015 Literacy (TPL), which would in Portuguese TAP, but do not know whether to take exactly that.
The truth is that for the first time it appeared in the famous Gartner hipociclo starting the curve of expectations, and also that appears next to security concerns.

One of the important things to know the point that a particular technology is a hipoclico curve is to understand what exactly does “literacy” (or learning) at one time as expected and maturity within that curve, for example, until the early 1990 meant nothing the Web, cell phones were too large for the pocket, Google only appeared in 1998 and precisely in this period a metadata system called Dublin Core was appearing until 2003 there was MySpace and Youtube was launched only two years after this.

Thus, tools are created, developed and worked as the time in 1995 was basic to work with word processing and spreadsheets, but today there are more sophisticated tools and spreadsheets have developed where you just know what are the fields to be filled, the word processors have correction tools, custom comments and even own vocabularies for certain contexts.

Set “literacy” or digital learning means now, since it entered the Gartner hipociclo curve (in 2015) something designated as PLT (People-Literate Tecnology), which means a richer and more complex definition of literacy for example, the University of Colorado has defined putting many topics to consider this complexity: communicate, solve problems, Access, manage, integrate, evaluate, design and create information to enhance learning in all areas, and ultimately, acquire knowledge over life and 21st century skills.

Note that two items refer to Communication and Information, another to solve problems and a quarter what it means to acquire knowledge in the 21st century.

 

Brazil rediscovered Grandes Sertões: Veredas

18 Apr

 

The 1956 Brazil began to democratize, and the most important in the literatureGrandesSertoes is a new and innovative look at the interior of the country, 600 pages of Guimarães Rosa, as well as a linguistic experimentalism of early modernism (back to its in other post)
The book Grande Sertao: Veredas, has something of philosophy and mystery it comes to “announce” the death itself, speaks of the symbolic river crossing and the hinterland of Riobaldo, a curious and inexplicable love for Diadorim, which mingles beauty and fear, there is a being and non-being, the truth of living a lie, there seems to be a covenant between language and poetry.

A former roughneck is the narrator character of the book, here longer a novelty because it leaves the character speaking, Riobaldo known by nicknames Tatarana or Urutu White, and he will talking about an oral speech on popular things, such as:
– The devil exist or not … and will say (…) Well, the devil regulates its black state in the creatures, in women, in men, even the children – I say. (…) And the uses, the plants, the waters, the earth, the wind … manures … The devil in the street, in the middle of redemunho … (Rose, 2001, p. 26).

– Will doing a story about good people as well: “You think and do not think. Everything is and is not … Almost any more serious criminal fierce, it is always very good husband, good son, good father, good friend-of-your-friends! I know these. But it has the later – and God together. I saw a lot of clouds “(Rose, 2001, p. 27).

– But see little distance at all: “So that needs to choose: either we get weaves to live in common scoundrel, or take care of one religion only. I could be: priest priest, if not head of gunmen; for other things I was not given birth. “(Rose, 2001, p. 31).

– Shows the paradoxes between good and evil: “Want good too hard, uncertain way, may already be wondering if evil, why begin. These men! All drew the world to himself, to fix repair. But each one sees and understands things dum his way. “(Rose, 2001, p. 33).

– Their friendship and relationship with Diadorim: “Diadorim and I, both of us. We gave passeios.Com so we differed from others – because roughneck is not much of continued conversation nor close friendships:. Well they mix and desmisturam of chance, but each one is done for himself “( rose, 2001, p. 45)

Cross the river, being and non-being and always be in a selfless love, April 18, 2016.

 

The aesthetic imposed and being in Brazil

01 Apr

Martim Vasques da Cunha analysis is important to solving open a APoeiraDaGloriaKierkegaardian speech around three principles, which is not exactly the speech of the Danish thinker, but it makes sense: the beautiful, the good and the true.

Kierkegaard along the Niestzche and Schopenhauer are certainly a break with the discourse of “monism of reason” term used by Cunha, but probably deliberately wants to put Espinoza and Leibniz who can speak of monism, with Descartes and Kant these rather makers rationalism.

The important thing is that Cunha stating that “in Brazil, life through a purely aesthetic view is what characterizes the behavior of its citizens” (Cunha, 2015, pp. 96) and more forward will indicate “that the Belo does not need good or much less true, and interests him is the appearance, disguise, dissimulation …” (pp. 96).

Taking over a Viera speech Mello, this correct but “actually is the understanding of the world as a stage that takes the Brazilian to an excessive externalization of feelings, externalization that often cannot take effect without a certain insincerity. “(Cited in Cunha, 2015, pp. 77).

True, but we must recognize that we take this somehow “borrowed” the black and not the Europeans who came here, so the rest of Kieerkegaard speech goes for the European, Cunha’s speech itself and not the Brazilian mix.

The mixture of races that make the mixture of the Brazilian added to the Indians, contributed to the difficulty of identity that requires the Brazilian this exhibition externality desire to dialogy, while diving in good looking and fair (in the social sense broader than you might think), something that made Policarpo Quaresma write an application “to the House of Representatives of the Federal Government to ask that the official language of the nation were the Tupi-Guarani and not Portuguese …” (quoted in Cunha, 2015 , pp. 85).

We need space and dialogue for the expression of Brazilianness to develop, we do not know who we are.